The U.S. Space Command examines its own role, and that of America’s as a whole, in a new “Capstone” review. The New York Analysis of Policy and Government provides a summary.
[Since the start of the space era,] the U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, and U.S. Air Force have each developed space capabilities that enhance landpower, seapower, airpower, and cyberpower, respectively. This decentralized context has shaped U.S. military thinking about space for the last 60 years. A product of this institutional structure is that current military theory and doctrine almost exclusively focus on space as an adjunct to other forms of military power without capturing the direct and independent impact space has on U.S. prosperity and security. The doctrine presented in the following chapters elevates spacepower as a distinct formulation of military power on par with landpower, seapower, airpower, and cyberpower.
Instead of solely focusing laterally on other domains, an independent conception of spacepower must first recognize the inherent value of the space domain and the tremendous influence space has on U.S. prosperity and security. The United States harnesses these attributes for exploration, communications, remote sensing, and science. In all cases, the value of orbital flight arises from an ability to conduct activities with unrivaled reach, persistence, endurance, responsiveness, and speed. National spacepower is the totality of a nation’s use of space capabilities in pursuit of national prosperity and security. Under this formulation, space is simultaneously a source and conduit through which a nation can generate and apply diplomatic, informational, military and economic power.
Like any source of national power, the United States must cultivate, develop, and advance spacepower in order to ensure national prosperity and security. Military spacepower —exists to preserve that prosperity and security. As a unique form of military power, military spacepower leverages space capabilities to accomplish military objectives in support of national policy and strategy. Military spacepower has deterrent and coercive capacities and the United States Space Force is tasked to provide independent options for national leadership. However, military spacepower achieves its greatest potential when integrated with other forms of military power.
Military space forces conduct prompt and sustained space operations, accomplishing three Cornerstone Responsibilities — Preserve Freedom of Action in the space domain, Enable Joint Lethality and Effectiveness, and Provide Independent Options to U.S. national leadership capable of achieving national objectives. These three responsibilities form the vital purpose of military spacepower. In order to accomplish these Cornerstone Responsibilities, military space forces must be organized, trained, and equipped to perform five Core Competencies: Space Security; Combat Power Projection, Space Mobility and Logistics; Information Mobility; and Space Domain Awareness (SDA). Command and control, and stewardship of the domain, enable military space forces to accomplish these core competencies.
Military spacepower has deterrent and coercive capacities and the United States Space Force is tasked to provide independent options for national leadership. However, military spacepower achieves its greatest potential when integrated with other forms of military power.
As a lean, mission-focused, digital Service, the United States Space Force values organizational agility, innovation, and boldness. Elevating these traits starts with empowering small teams and prizing measured risk-taking as opportunities to rapidly learn and adapt. These principles apply equally to operations and day-to-day tasks. The United States Space Force must draw upon these traits to relentlessly advance military spacepower for the Nation.
Force has three Cornerstone Responsibilities: Preserve Freedom of Action, Enable Joint Lethality and Effectiveness, and Provide Independent Options. These responsibilities are fed by the five Core Competencies of Space Security, Combat Power Projection, Space Mobility and Logistics, Information Mobility, and Space Domain Awareness. In turn, these Service competencies require specialization in the space power disciplines of Orbital Warfare, Space Electromagnetic Warfare, Space Battle Management, Space Access and Sustainment, Military Intelligence, Cyber Operations, and Engineering/Acquisitions.
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The proposed doctrine hierarchy for the United States Space Force consists of three levels. There will be a capstone document, under the purview of the Chief of Space Operations (CSO), which articulates the purpose, identity, and values for the Service, DoD, interagency, and Allied communities. The intermediate level of doctrine is operational, providing the organizational support needed for effective military efforts, and further developing doctrine related to the Core Competencies. The final level of doctrine is tactical, which will be referred to as Tactical Standard Operations Procedures (TACSOPs). TACSOPs will codify lessons learned, allowing space force members to apply the various disciplines.
The capstone document typically will be reviewed on a 4-year cycle as the principles should not fundamentally change, although this may occur more often in the early years as the United States Space Force’s organization and processes evolve. The field command doctrine center will review the operational doctrine on a two-year cycle. If a need is determined for “flash” changes within doctrine, the United States Space Force’s doctrine center commander will have the ability to review/update relevant documents, incorporating changes within time periods as short as three months. Finally, TACSOPs will use an ongo ing, online, and collaborative process, approving changes at the lowest appropriate command level, allowing the United States Space Force to rapidly adapt and change with its hallmark agility and boldness.
MILITARY SPACEPOWER
GUIDING PRINCIPLES
The U.S. desires a peaceful, secure, stable, and accessible space domain. Strength and security in space enables freedom of action in other warfighting domains while contributing to international security and stability. The U.S. must adapt its national security space organizations, doctrine, and capabilities to deter and defeat aggression and protect national interests in space.
The space domain is the area above the altitude where atmospheric effects on airborne objects becomes negligible. The value of the space domain arises from an ability to conduct activities with unrivaled reach, persistence, endurance, and responsiveness, while affording legal overflight of any location on the earth. Because of these attributes, spacepower is inherently global.
Military space forces are the warfighters who protect, defend, and project spacepower. They provide support, security, stability, and strategic effects by employing spacepower in, from, and to the space domain. This necessitates close collaboration and cooperation with the U.S. Government,